【双语】海因里希·施里曼和特洛伊、迈锡尼、米诺斯等遗迹故事

Alysia

特洛伊木马



       德国著名的考古学家海因里希·施里曼1822年出生于德意志地区的新布科市，7岁时收到父亲赠送的希腊神话故事书，“希腊第一勇士”阿克琉斯、“众王之王”的迈锡尼国王阿伽门农、“第一美女”海伦等人物和故事给幼小的施里曼留下了深刻的印象。但即便如此，长大后的施里曼并没有选择去学历史，而是学习商科，从此踏上了从商的道路。




海因里希·施里曼


       直至36岁，施里曼决定将余生献给热爱的考古事业。之后，他用了近10年时间为考古挖掘做准备，并系统学了考古学，同时，完成了环游世界的壮举。46岁时，施里曼结识了英国考古学学者弗兰克·卡尔佛特，组成搭档，并于1868年，在希沙利克挖掘出特洛伊古城。但由于施里曼坚持采用爆破形式挖掘深层遗址，损毁了浅层文明遗迹，触及弗兰克的底线，两人自此分道扬镳，但也因此发现了更多的文物和金银饰品。之后施里曼单独进行挖掘活动，整理完成《特洛伊的古物》一书。特洛伊古城的发现，让施里曼名扬欧洲。
       此时，施里曼充满考古热情，转战希腊，寻找迈锡尼文明，并于1876年发掘出著名的阿伽门农黄金面具。（今天研究表面，此面具并非阿伽门农面具，其铸造时间比阿伽门农早了两三百年左右）。自此，施里曼得到了学术界的认可，德国考古学家威廉·多普菲特也加入了施里曼的考古队。之后，迈锡尼、伊萨卡、奥尔霍迈诺斯、梯林斯、塞西拉与皮洛斯等地的遗迹出现在世人的目光中。




米诺斯



        1890年，施里曼意外去世，英国考古学家阿瑟·埃文斯接手了他的工作，发现了比迈锡尼更加古老的米诺斯文明。




迈锡尼



       虽然施里曼早期野蛮式挖掘方式，损毁了一些遗迹，但是放在当时的条件下，可能是最好的选择；毕竟任何经验的形成，都需要足量的实践积累。与其让迈锡尼、米诺斯深埋地下，不如让文明之光浮现于世人眼前，才是对逝去的那段历史，最好的铭记。




迈锡尼



        Born in Neubukow, Germany in 1822, Schliemann  was deeply impressed by the characters and stories of Greek mythology,  such as the "first Greek hero" Achilles, the "king of kings" Agamemnon,  the "first beauty" Helen, etc., which his father gave him when he was  seven years old. However, even so, Schliemann did not choose to study  history when he grew up, but studied business and embarked on the path  of business.

         Until the age of 36, Schliemann decided to  dedicate the rest of his life to his beloved archaeological career.  Afterwards, he spent nearly 10 years preparing for archaeological  excavation, systematically studying archaeology, and completing the feat  of traveling around the world. At the age of 46, Schliemann met the  British archaeologist Frank Calvert and formed a partner, and in 1868,  he excavated the ancient city of Troy in Hisarlik. However, due to  Schliemann's insistence on using blasting form to excavate deep sites,  the disappearance of shallow civilization relics caused the two to part  ways, but in the process, more cultural relics and gold and silver  jewelry were discovered. Afterwards, Schliemann conducted excavation  activities alone, forming the book "Ancient Things of Troy". The  discovery of the ancient city of Troy made Schliemann famous in Europe.

         At this time, Schliemann was full of  archaeological enthusiasm, and he went to Greece to search for the  Mycenaean civilization, and in 1876 he excavated the famous Agamemnon  mask. (Today's research shows that this mask is about two or three  hundred years earlier than Agamemnon). Since then, Schliemann has been  recognized by the academic community, and the German archaeologist  William Dopf also joined Schliemann's archaeological team. Afterwards,  the ruins of Mycenae, Ithaca, Orchomenos, Tiryns, Sicily and Pilos  appeared in the eyes of the world.

         In 1890, Schliemann died unexpectedly, and the  British archaeologist Arthur Evans took over his work and discovered the  more ancient Minoan civilization.  

         Although Schliemann's early barbaric excavation  methods destroyed some ruins, under the conditions of the time, it may  have been the best choice; after all, the formation of any experience  requires a lot of practice accumulation. Instead of letting Mycenae and  Minoan buried underground deeply, it is better to let the light of  civilization appear in front of the world, which is the best way to  remember the past.