美联邦紧急情况管理署：核泄漏紧急事故处理方法

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美联邦紧急情况管理署：核泄漏紧急事故处理方法【中英版】


从1980年起，美国任何一家拥有商用核电站的公共事业公司要想获得核电站经营执照，都必须提前制订出包括现场和场外在内的应急计划。现场应急计划由核管理委员会（NRC）批准，而场外计划（场外计划和现场应急计划紧密协调）则由联邦紧急情况管理署（FEMA）评估后递交给NRC，NRC发放执照前前必须考虑FEMA的评估意见。

Federal law establishes the criterion for determining the adequacy of offsite planning and preparedness, i.e: "Plans and preparedness must be determined to adequately protect the public health and safety by providing reasonable assurance that appropriate measures can be taken offsite in the event of a radiological emergency."

联邦法律界定了充分的场外计划和准备的标准，例如：“计划和准备必须以充分保障公民健康和安全为目的，为当发生核危机时有能力采取恰当措施而提供合理证明。”

Although construction and operation of nuclear power plants are closely monitored and regulated by the NRC, an accident, though unlikely, is possible. The potential danger from an accident at a nuclear power plant is exposure to radiation. This exposure could come from the release of radioactive material from the plant into the environment, usually characterized by a plume (cloud-like) formation. The area the radioactive release may affect is determined by the amount released from the plant, wind direction and speed and weather conditions (i.e., rain, snow, etc.) which would quickly drive the radioactive material to the ground, hence causing increased deposition of radionuclides.

尽管由于核电站的施工和使用都在NRC的严密监督管理下，事故发生可能性较小，但还是有可能会发生。核电站事故可能会造成辐射危险。站中核物质泄漏到外界环境中就会引起核辐射，通常呈向上的云状。核泄漏影响的范围由泄漏物质的数量、风向、风速和气候状况（如雨雪天气等）决定，情况严重时放射性物质会迅速到达地面，进而造成更严重的放射性核种沉积。

If a release of radiation occurs, the levels of radioactivity will be monitored by authorities from Federal and State governments, and the utility, to determine the potential danger in order to protect the public.  

假如真的发生了核泄漏事件，联邦和州政府以及相关单位将通过监察辐射等级来确定潜在危险，从而保护公众。

What Is Radiation?

什么是辐射？

Radiation is any form of energy propagated as rays, waves or energetic particles that travel through the air or a material medium.

辐射是指光，波或以空气和物质为媒介的高能粒子向四周传播的任意形式的能量。

Radioactive materials are composed of atoms that are unstable. An unstable atom gives off its excess energy until it becomes stable. The energy emitted is radiation. The process by which an atom changes from an unstable state to a more stable state by emitting radiation is called radioactive decay or radioactivity.

放射性物质由很多不稳定原子构成。不稳定原子在达到稳定状态前，需要释放出自身多余的能量，这一能量即辐射。原子通过辐射由不稳定状态转变为更加稳定状态的过程称为放射性衰变或放射性。

People receive some natural or background radiation exposure each day from the sun, radioactive elements in the soil and rocks, household appliances (like television sets and microwave ovens), and medical and dental x-rays. Even the human body itself emits radiation. These levels of natural and background radiation is normal. The average American receives 360 millirems of radiation each year, 300 from natural sources and 60 from man-made activities. (A rem is a unit of radiation exposure.)

每天，人类都会受到来自于自然界或者环境中的辐射，如阳光、土地和岩石中的放射元素、家用电器（比如电视机和微波炉）和医用X光等。甚至人体本身也会发出辐射。但这些都只是正常辐射。平均一个美国人每年要受到360毫雷姆（毫雷姆：核辐射量单位）的辐射，其中300毫雷姆来自自然界，60来自人类活动。

Radioactive materials--if handled improperly--or radiation accidentally released into the environment, can be dangerous because of the harmful effects of certain types of radiation on the body. The longer a person is exposed to radiation and the closer the person is to the radiation, the greater the risk.

如果由于处理不当导致核物质或辐射不慎泄漏到环境中，将会非常危险，因为有些辐射对人体会造成有害影响。一个人暴露在辐射中时间越长，或是离核物质越近，他的危险就越大。

Although radiation cannot be detected by the senses (sight, smell, etc.), it is easily detected by scientists with sophisticated instruments that can detect even the smallest levels of radiation.

尽管光或味觉等传感器无法感知辐射，但科学家手中的精密仪器可以轻易发觉即使是最轻微的辐射。

Preparing For An Emergency

为紧急情况做准备

Federal, State and local officials work together to develop site-specific emergency response plans for nuclear power plant accidents. These plans are tested through exercises that include protective actions for schools and nursing homes.

联邦政府协同州政府和地方官员共同针对各地制定了具体的核电站事故应急计划，并在学校和私人疗养院进行了对计划和保护措施的演习。

The plans also delineate evacuation routes, reception centers for those seeking radiological monitoring and location of congregate care centers for temporary lodging.

计划中还为那些寻求剂量监督和想到护理中心临时借宿的人们绘出了逃生路线和接收站（位置）。

State and local governments, with support from the Federal government and utilities, develop plans that include a plume emergency planning zone with a radius of 10 miles from the plant, and an ingestion planning zone within a radius of 50 miles from the plant.

在联邦政府和公共事业单位的帮助下，州和地方政府对计划进行了细化，包括核电站方圆十英里内的辐射云应急计划区以及方圆五十英里内的核吸收应急计划区。

Residents within the 10-mile emergency planning zone are regularly disseminated emergency information materials (via brochures, the phone book, calendars, utility bills, etc.). These materials contain educational information on radiation, instructions for evacuation and sheltering, special arrangements for the handicapped, contacts for additional information, etc. Residents should be familiar with these emergency information materials.

在十英里应急计划区范围内的居民会定期拿到派发的应急信息材料，印在小手册、电话簿、日历或者物业账单上面。这些材料包括辐射知识教育，疏散和避难指南，对于残障人士的特殊安排，以及能够获取更多信息的联系方式。居民们需要事先熟悉这些材料。

Radiological emergency plans call for a prompt Alert and Notification system. If needed, this prompt Alert and Notification System will be activated quickly to inform the public of any potential threat from natural or man-made events. This system uses either sirens, tone alert radios, route alerting (the "Paul Revere" method), or a combination to notify the public to tune their radios or television to an Emergency Alert System (EAS) station.

辐射应急计划需要一个实时警报和通报系统。当需要时，这一系统会快速启动，告知民众来自自然或人类活动的潜在威胁。系统分别或同时使用警报器，人声广播和沿途报警（保罗·时威尔的方法）来通知民众把广播和电视调到应急警报系统台（EAS）。

The EAS stations will provide information and emergency instructions for the public to follow. If you are alerted, tune to your local EAS station which includes radio stations, television stations, NOAA weather radio, and the cable TV system.

EAS台会向民众提供信息和应急指南。如果你接到了警报，请打开你们当地的EAS台。EAS拥有广播站，电视台，国家海洋和大气局（NOAA）气象广播台和有线电视系统。

Special plans must be made to assist and care for persons who are medically disabled or handicapped. If you or someone you know lives within ten miles of a nuclear facility, please notify and register with your local emergency management agency. Adequate assistance will be provided during an emergency.

对于身体残障人士，必须通过制定特殊计划来帮助和关怀他们。如果你或你认识的人是残障人士，且住在核设施方圆十英里内，请通知当地险情管理署并进行登记，在紧急情况发生时，他们会向你提供适当的帮助。

In the most serious case, evacuations will be recommended based on particular plant conditions rather than waiting for the situation to deteriorate and an actual release of radionuclides to occur.  

在最严重的情况下，建议视核电站情况进行撤离，而不应等待情况进一步恶化，以防发生真正的核泄漏。

Emergency Classification Levels

紧急情况分级

Preparedness for commercial nuclear power plants includes a system for notifying the public if a problem occurs at a plant. The emergency classification level of the problem is defined by these four categories:  

商用核电站准备工作包括当站内发生事故时对民众的通报系统。事故的紧急情况分级包括以下四类：

Notification of Unusual Event is the least serious of the four levels. The event poses no threat to you or to plant employees, but emergency officials are notified. No action by the public is necessary.

异常事件通报：最轻级的紧急情况。这种情况下，事件对民众和核电站工作人员都不构成威胁，但应急署官员还是会接到通报。民众不需要采取措施。

Alert is declared when an event has occurred that could reduce the plant's level of safety, but backup plant systems still work. Emergency agencies are notified and kept informed, but no action by the public is necessary.

警报：当核电站安全等级降低时，会发出警报，但后备设备系统仍然可以使用。应急署官员接到通报，持续了解动态。民众不需要采取措施。

Site Area Emergency is declared when an event involving major problems with the plant's safety systems has progressed to the point that a release of some radioactivity into the air or water is possible, but is not expected to exceed Environmental Protection Agency Protective Action Guidelines (PAGs) beyond the site boundary. Thus, no action by the public is necessary.

放射区域险情通报：当事故涉及核电站安全系统的主要问题，且已经发展到可能会影响空气或水的核泄漏时，会进行放射地域紧急情况通报。通报应遵循环境保护机构的保护行动准则（PAGs），不会超过放射区域范围。民众不需要采取措施。

General Emergency is the most serious of the four classifications and is declared when an event at the plant has caused a loss of safety systems. If such an event occurs, radiation could be released that would travel beyond the site boundary. State and local authorities will take action to protect the residents living near the plant. The alert and notification system will be sounded. People in the affected areas could be advised to evacuate promptly or, in some situations, to shelter in place. When the sirens are sounded, you should listen to your radio, television and tone alert radios for site-specific information and instructions.

广泛险情通报：为四类通报中最严重的一类，在事故已经对核电站安全系统造成损失时发出。如果发生这类事故，核能会泄漏出放射区域范围。州和地方当局将采取措施，保护住在核电站附近的居民。警报和通报系统会鸣响。建议受影响地区的人们即刻撤离，在有些情况下也可在原地避难。当警报响起时，应收听电台电视和人声广播中的信息和应急指南。

If You Are Alerted
Remember that hearing a siren or tone alert radio does not mean you should evacuate. It means you should promptly turn to an EAS station to determine whether it is only a test or an actual emergency.  
Tune to your local radio or television station for information. The warning siren could mean a nuclear power plant emergency or the sirens could be used as a warning for tornado, fire, flood, chemical spill, etc.  
Check on your neighbors.  
Do not call 911. Special rumor control numbers and information will be provided to the public for a nuclear power plant emergency, either during the EAS message, in the utilities' public information brochure, or both.  
In a nuclear power plant emergency, you may be advised to go indoors and, if so, to close all windows, doors, chimney dampers, other sources of outside air, and turn off forced air heating and cooling equipment, etc.  

如果已接到警报
1. 记住，仅仅听到警报或人声广播并不意味着你已经需要撤离。你应该立即收听或收看EAS台，判断究竟只是一次演习，还是一次真的紧急情况。
2. 打开当地电台或电视台来了解信息。警报可能意味着核电站紧急事故，但也可能是对飓风、火灾、洪水或化学物品泄漏等的报警。
3. 查看邻居情况。
4. 不要拨打报警电话。当有核电站紧急事故发生时，会有专门且可信的电话号码和信息通过EAS信息或公共事业单位的公共信息手册向民众提供。

If You Are Advised to Evacuate the Area
Stay calm and do not rush  
Listen to emergency information  
Close and lock windows and doors  
Turn off air conditioning, vents, fans, and furnace  
Close fire place dampers  

当被建议撤离时：
1. 保持镇定，不要奔跑。
2. 收听紧急情况信息。
3. 锁闭门窗。
4. 关闭空调、排气口、风扇和火炉。
5. 关闭壁炉风阀。

Take a few items with you. Gather personal items you or your family might need:  
Flash light and extra batteries  
Portable, battery operated radio and extra batteries  
First aid kit and manual  
Emergency food and water  
Essential medicines  
Cash and credit cards  

随身携带个人和家庭成员必需物品：
1. 手电筒和备用电池。
2. 电池供电的口袋收音机。
3. 急救箱和手册。
4. 应急食物和水。
5. 必需药品。
6. 现金和银行卡。

Use your own transportation or make arrangements to ride with a neighbor. Public transportation should be available for those who have not made arrangements. Keep car windows and air vents closed and listen to an EAS radio station.  
Follow the evacuation routes provided. If you need a place to stay, congregate care information will be provided.

自己开车，或者设法和邻居拼车。尽量把公共交通留给没有车的民众。关闭车窗和通风口，收听EAS广播台。按应急信息材料中提供的疏散路线行驶。如果需要避难处，可以找到集中护理中心的信息。

If Advised to remain at Home
Bring pets inside.  
Close and lock windows and doors  
Turn off air conditioning, vents, fans and furnace  
Close fireplace dampers  
Go to the basement or other underground area  
Stay inside until authorities say it is safe  

当被建议呆在家里时：
1.把宠物安置在房间内。
2. 锁闭门窗。
3. 关闭空调、排气口、风扇和火炉。
4. 关闭壁炉风阀。
5. 呆在地下室或其它地下区域。
6. 在当局宣布已经安全前，不要外出。

When Coming In From Outdoors  Shower and change clothing and shoes  
Put items worn outdoors in a plastic bag and seal it.  

当从外归家时：
1. 洗澡并换掉衣服和鞋子。
2. 把在外面穿的衣物放入塑料袋，并封口。

The thyroid gland is vulnerable to the intake of radioactive iodine (radioactive fallout/dust). If a radiological release occurs at a nuclear power plant, States may decide to provide the public with a stable iodine, potassium iodide, which saturates the thyroid and protects it (99%) from the effects of radioactive iodine (thyroid cancer) if taken in time. Such a protective action is at the option of State, and in some cases, local government or power plant.  

人的甲状腺对于吸入式放射性碘免疫力较差（辐射尘）。如果有核电站发生核物质泄漏，当局可能会向民众提供稳定的碘化物——碘化钾，碘化钾会充满甲状腺，保护甲状腺免受辐射碘的危害。如果摄入及时，可以防止99%由放射性碘引起的甲状腺癌。一般由州政府决定——有时也由当地政府或核电站决定——是否使用这种保护措施。

(Non-FEMA Side Note: Nitro-Pak strongly recommends every family have, where possible, your own supply of potassium iodide at home, in your emergency "bug-out" kit, or at work rather than having to waste valuable time for your local government to declare an emergency, then having to wait for their potassium iodide supplies to arrive (if they have any already stored), and then finally waiting for their supplies to get distributed to everyone in the community (which could take many hours up to a few days). Remember, the FDA's recommendiation is to take Potassium Iodide 30 minutes prior to exposure for maximum protection).

（非FEMA官方提醒：本网站（Nitro-Pak）强烈建议每个家庭，如果有条件的话，自备一些碘化钾在您的应急箱内，放置在家中或工作场所。不要浪费时间等待当地政府宣布发生了紧急情况，然后等着他们送来碘化钾（如果他们有库存的话），接着在社区里分发给大家（一般要花上好几个小时甚至几天）。切记，食品和药物管理局（FDA）的建议是在接触核辐射前三十分钟服用碘化钾，这样才能起到最大的保护效果。

Remember your neighbors may require special assistance--infants, elderly people, and people with disabilities.

不要忘记那些可能需要特殊帮助的邻居们——婴儿、老年人和行动不便的人们。

School Evacuations

学校疏散

If an incident involving an actual or potential radiological release occurs, consideration is given to the safety of the children. If an emergency is declared, students in the 10-mile emergency planning zone will be relocated to designated facilities in a safe area. Usually, as a precautionary measure, school children are relocated prior to the evacuation of the general public.

如果有已有或潜在的核泄漏事故发生，要充分考虑孩子们的安全。如果有警报发出，在十英里范围应急计划区内的学生都会被安置到特定的安全场所。通常，作为防范措施，对学生的安置优先于疏散普通民众。

For Farmers and Home Gardeners

如果你是农民或在家工作的园丁

If a radiological incident occurs at the nuclear facility, periodic information concerning the safety of farm and home grown products will be provided. Information on actions you can take to protect crops and livestock is available from your agricultural extension agent.  

如果有核装置发生了辐射事故，EAS将会定期发出关于农场和作物安全问题的信息。你可以从你的作物推广员处获得保护作物和家畜的措施。

Crops

农作物

Normal harvesting and processing may still be possible if time permits. Unharvested crops are hard to protect.  Crops already harvested should be stored inside if possible.
Wash and peel vegetables and fruits before use if they were not already harvested.  

1. 如果时间恰当，仍然可以进行正常的收割处理。未收获的农作物可能难以存活。
2. 有条件的话，应将已经收割的农作物储存在室内。
3. 使用辐射发生之后收获的蔬果前必须清洗去皮。

Livestock  Provide as much shelter as possible. Take care of milk-producing animals.
Provide plenty of food and water and make sure shelters are well-ventilated. Use stored feed and water, when possible.  

家畜
1. 尽量提供避难所。要特别注意照顾产奶动物。
2. 提供充足的食物和水，检查避难所是否通风良好。有条件的话可以使用仓储粮食和水。

Three Ways to Minimize Radiation Exposure

最大程度减低辐射伤害的三个方法：

There are three factors that minimize radiation exposure to your body: Time, Distance, and Shielding.   Time--Most radioactivity loses its strength fairly quickly. Limiting the time spent near the source of radiation reduces the amount of radiation exposure you will receive. Following an accident, local authorities will monitor any release of radiation and determine the level of protective actions and when the threat has passed.  
Distance--The more distance between you and the source of the radiation, the less radiation you will receive. In the most serious nuclear power plant accident, local officials will likely call for an evacuation, thereby increasing the distance between you and the radiation.  
Shielding--Like distance, the more heavy, dense materials between you and the source of the radiation, the better. This is why local officials could advise you to remain indoors if an accident occurs. In some cases, the walls in your home or workplace would be sufficient shielding to protect you for a short period of time.

要最大程度减轻辐射伤害，三个因素至关重要：时间，距离和庇护所。
时间：很多辐射其实很快就没那么厉害了。缩短呆在放射源附近的时间，可以减少你受到的辐射伤害。在事故发生之后，当局会检测所有的放射物质，确定应该采取何等保护措施，以及何时威胁解除。
距离：你离放射越远，你受到的辐射越少。如果发生了非常严重的核电站事故，当局会疏散民众，这样也拉开了你和放射物之间的距离。
庇护所：和距离一样，你和放射源之间隔开越厚重严密的物质越好。这就是为什么当地官员会建议你在事故发生的时候呆在家里。有些情况下，家里或单位的墙壁可以在短时间内为你提供有效地庇护。

What you can do to stay informed: Attend public information meetings. You may also want to attend postexercise meetings that include the media and the public.  
Contact local emergency management officials, who can provide information about radioactivity, safety precautions, and state, local, industry and federal plans.  
Ask about the hazards radiation may pose to your family, especially with respect to young children, pregnant women and the elderly.  
Ask where nuclear power plants are located.  
Learn your community's warning systems.  
Learn emergency plans for schools, day care centers, nursing homes--anywhere family members might be.  
Be familiar with emergency information materials that are regularly disseminated to your home (via brochures, the phone book, calendars, utility bills, etc.) These materials contain educational information on radiation, instructions for evacuation and sheltering, special arrangements for the handicapped, contacts for additional information, etc.

等待消息时，你可以做些什么：
参加公共信息会议。可能你也会想参加包括媒体和公众在内的事故后会议。
和当地应急管理官员取得联系。他们会向你提供关于辐射，安全防范以及州、工业和联邦计划的信息。
咨询辐射会对你的家人造成的影响，尤其是在家里有幼儿、孕妇和老年人的情况下。
询问核电站的所在位置。
了解社区内的警报系统。
学习了解学校、日托中心、私人疗养院等家庭成员可能去的任何地方的应急计划。
熟悉派发到您家中的应急信息材料。